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249 of 250
On a Novel Bulk Superconductor: Oxygen-Doped Delafossite Oxide CuYO2,33
Danijel Djurek
END
Abstract

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General-science Group Research Article Article ID: igmin359

Origin of Superconductivity in all Superconductors

Physics DOI10.61927/igmin359
Muhammad H El-Saba *
Affiliation

Affiliation

    Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, 11517 Abbasya, Cairo, Egypt

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Abstract

The advent of room- temperature superconductors in electrical, electronic and super computing platforms, has been a dream since long time. This dream can only come true by understanding the origin of superconductivity in all superconductors. In this paper, the origin of the attractive interaction between electron pairs in superconductors are discussed, with emphasis on the role of neutrons and their direct relation to the isotope effect. Amazingly enough, no one has tried to investigate the true role of neutrons and its contribution to the superconductivity phenomenon, since its discovery in 1911. Indeed, all previous theories including the extensions of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory, failed to explain the common origin of superconductivity in all types of superconductors. In this paper it is proposed that the system of electrons and nucleons (neutrons in particular) can form bosons, which may form a condensate of superconducting pairons. In the proposed theory, the hyperfine interactions (HFI) between electrons and surrounding nucleons result in pairon charge neutralization that transform some electron pairs into pairons at low temperature. We analyze the role of neutrons (which consist of charged quarks) in coupling some mobile electrons (or holes) in all types of superconductors at sufficiently low temperature. We also review some existing experimental results, which we consider as evidence supporting the proposed theory. These experiments were carried out for other investigation purposes about the properties of superconductors and their applications (e.g., in nuclear magnetic resonance NMR and fission nuclear reactors).In spite of the theoretical nature of this work, the proposed new theory is supported by some evident observables such as the Isotope Effect in superconductors, which is strongly related to the neutron content in the superconductor.

Figures

Schematic diagram of the mechanisms of neutron-electron interactions of electromagnetic origin. QED stands for Quantum electrodynamics and QFD stands for Quantum Flavor dynamics. More details about QED and QFD can be found in [14]. Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the mechanisms of neutron-ele...
Schematic of neutron-electron hyperfine interactions, showing how the neutron dipole moment interacts with isotropic s-orbitals and anisotropic p-orbital lobes. Here, Bo is the external magnetic field, while Bn and Be are local magnetic fields of neutrons and electrons. Figure 2: Schematic of neutron-electron hyperfine interactio...
Schematic illustration of a possible configuration of the electron-neutron interaction mechanism. The three neutrons are most likely from different atoms. Note that neutrons have a huge number of quarks and antiquarks, which are continuously generated and annihilated. Only the three valence (upper-shell) quarks of the neutron are shown here (1 up quark, termed u, and 2 down quarks, termed d). Figure 3: Schematic illustration of a possible configuration...
Summary of the electron-nucleon interactions outside the nuclei in a crystal lattice, which contribute to the superconductor Hamiltonian. Here, HFI stands for hyperfine interaction, nEDM stands for neutron electric dipole moment, and NQR stands for neutron quadratic resonance. Figure 4: Summary of the electron-nucleon interactions outsi...
Schematic of idealized potential wells of nucleons (protons and neutrons) inside a nucleus. Note that n stands for neutrons and p stands for protons. Figure 5: Schematic of idealized potential wells of nucleons...
Possible scenarios of unmatched waves of preformed pairons and polarization waves. Figure 6: Possible scenarios of unmatched waves of preformed...
Schematic of the density of states (DOS) of excited states in metallic-parent (left-hand-side) and insulating-parent (right-hand side) superconductors, in the case of s-wave coupling. In metallic superconductors, the energy gap (Êg=2∆o) is centered at Ê=EF. In unconventional superconductors, the energy gap is extended by normal-state energy gap Eg. The order parameters (∆' and ∆”) are not symmetric for hole-doped and electron-doped superconductors Figure 7: Schematic of the density of states (DOS) of excite...
Schematic phase diagram of a doped insulator AFM material (e.g., p-doped cuprate superconductor) as a function of doping, showing the pseudogap (PG) and the super-conducting (SC) phases as well as the strange metallic state (M). Here, Tc and T* stand for the loci of the critical temperature and PG temperature, respectively, as a function of doping. The details of the phase transition diagram, from AFM insulator to normal metal and outside the superconductivity dome, are omitted for simplicity Figure 8: Schematic phase diagram of a doped insulator AFM m...
(a) Experimental temperature dependence of magnetic hyperfine fields in a pnictide superconductor, and according to our primary calculations. The symbols refer to measurements by Saitovitcht & Litterst [69]. (b) Temperature dependence of a fluorine-doped Fe-pnictide sample (LaFe1−xMnxAsO0.89F0.11 with x=0.5%) as derived from Mössbauer spectra. This Figure was reproduced with permission from [1]. Figure 9: (a) Experimental temperature dependence of magneti...
Schematic of the vortices in cored regions of a type-II superconductor (left) and their Abrikosov triangular configurations in an HTS by magnetic force microscopy at two different temperatures below Tc (right). This Figure was reproduced with permission from [77]. Figure 10: Schematic of the vortices in cored regions of a ty...
Illustration of the development of magnetic vortices in type-II superconductors, as the applied magnetic field (B) increases, up to the critical value Bc1. Here ns refers to the density of superconducting pairons. Figure 11: Illustration of the development of magnetic vortic...
Magnetic dipole and anti-dipole moments which are precursots of dual vortices in a type-II ring-shaped superconductor, under the effect of perpendicular magnetic field (B). The shown part of the triangular lattice spreads all over the ring and can be subdivide into smaller triangles of parallel and anti abti-parallel magnetic dipoles. Figure 12: Magnetic dipole and anti-dipole moments which are ...
Visualization of parallel and anti-parallel vortices in superconductors. Reproduced with permission from [78]. Figure 13: Visualization of parallel and anti-parallel vortic...

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